This is the Hall of Science in New York, begun by Frances Wright and Robert Dale Owen, based on an idea for secular meeting-places pioneered by Robert Owen in Britain. The building housed a small publishing operation and a lecture hall. In addition to Owen and Wright, many guests spoke to New York secular crowds here, including Dr. Charles Knowlton. In this sense, Knowlton is more than the author of a pamphlet used by British secularists to challenge censorship and blasphemy laws. He's part of a similar tradition of secularist organization that existed on both sides of the Atlantic in the 19th century.

Erasmus Darwins in 19th century Massachusetts

When I was doing research in Ashfield (on Dr. Charles Knowlton), I transcribed the Vital Records of the town onto 3x5 note-cards. It struck me as odd, how many people were given the name Darwin, especially since the birth records end at 1849. In all, six children were named “Darwin” or “Erasmus Darwin” between 1803 and 1847. Erasmus Darwin was Charles Darwin’s grandfather. He lived from 1730-1802, and was a prominent poet, inventor, friend of Benjamin Franklin, and proponent of evolution by natural selection.

That’s right. Erasmus Darwin came up with the idea that all life on earth was descended from a single microscopic ancestor in 1770. In 1796, he published the first volume of his Zoonomia, which was heralded as the Principia of the medical profession, and discusses his ideas on evolution. And in 1803, Darwin’s posthumous poem The Temple of Nature elaborated his position even more explicitly. Darwin also founded Birmingham’s Lunar Society, translated Linnaeus, and was a member of the Royal Society, the Linnean Society, and the American Philosophical Society. When his grandson Charles published On the Origin of Species, his critics thought they’d be able to silence him by quoting verbatim from tracts written against his grandfather’s theories.

Erasmus Darwin never visited America, and although he was a political radical and a supporter of American independence (and critic of the Pitt government’s repressions in the 1790s), I’m surprised that he was so well-known in a remote western-Massachusetts hill-town like Ashfield. Looking a little farther, I’ve found there are sixty-three towns in Massachusetts where children were apparently named after Darwin before 1849! I also found 96 towns where there is no record of a child named “Erasmus” or “Darwin” in the Vital Records. (these two groups represent all the towns whose records I was able to find online)

It’s possible that a few of the children named “Erasmus” may have been named for the fifteenth-century humanist, or for remote family members (close ones would have showed up in the records I was searching). But I think most of them were named for the scientist, especially because in most cases they’re actually named “Erasmus Darwin.” Similarly, there is no record of “Darwin” being a common family name in these Massachusetts towns, and Charles Darwin’s only significant publication before 1849 was his The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, published in 5 parts, 1838-1843.

In all, I found 112 children named “Erasmus,” “Erasmus Darwin,” “Darwin,” or, in a couple of cases, “Erastus Darwin.” But this initial search of Vital Record books available online missed 187 towns, whose records are not yet available electronically. So the odds are high that there are many more Erasmus Darwins I haven’t yet discovered!

As bizarre as the mere fact of all these young Darwins in early nineteenth-century Massachusetts towns, is where the towns were. If people were going to be naming their children after a British scientist (obscure or famous), you’d expect them to live in cities, close to institutions of higher learning like Harvard, wouldn’t you? Well, you’d be dead wrong.

Most of the people naming their children after Darwin lived in central or western Massachusetts. I found most of them in Worcester, Hampshire, and Franklin Counties. Though they weren’t completely absent from the Boston area, there were more towns close to the coast without a Darwin than with one. The towns marked in green on the map have at least one “Darwin.” Several have more than one. Two towns, Ashfield and Leominster, have six.


I’ve started looking into the histories of these towns, to see who these “Darwins” were. And, perhaps more importantly, who their parents were. In looking at the first dozen or so, it seems that some of them were educated people, ministers or doctors. Others were farmers, shoemakers, and tavern-keepers. The whole thing suggests that people in some of the remotest parts of Massachusetts were thinking about issues and reading books I would never have expected them to be so interested in. It’s a whole different picture of the intellectual life of regular people in the early 19th century than you get in the “standard” texts!

I’m going to try to write little sketches of the lives of some of these people, because I think they’ll turn up interesting insights. Maybe this’ll turn into something, if I can pull together enough of them and they turn up some of the surprises that seem to be lurking in this material…

Happy Easter!

Got a post from the "250,000 Atheists" guy on Facebook this morning. He's a little bummed there are only 3093 members of his group. But who knows how many people are lurking, afraid to put their names down.

His post cheered me up. This holiday always depresses me. Maybe it's the unremitting news coverage of the middle east (oh, dear! when will there be peace in Jerusalem?!). Maybe it's the universal coverage of the Nazi Pope walking the stations of the cross. Anyway, it bugs me, and this Facebook post about the "zombie and the giant bunny" (I visualized Frank from Donnie Darko) cheered me up. So I sent him a little story to cheer him up:

A few days ago, I was at a high school career fair. I had a chat with another "presenter" at a nearby booth. The guy was a distinguished old dude in a nice suit, standing in front of his display, an open, satin-lined, stainless steel casket. I don't know if he was going to offer kids a chance to test the thing out, or just tell them how cool it is, being a funeral director. I think the idea is a little odd, especially when you look at the whole embalming process. It replaces the bodily fluids with a 37% formaldehyde solution. Not at all green, to put it mildly.

I asked this gentleman, what's the split between embalming and cremation these days? He said, the percentage of cremations is always highest in towns with a college or university. I asked, "do you mean that embalming correlates with less educated, more old-time-religion-y places?" He said he didn't know, but last year a couple of local Greek Orthodox people chose to be cremated, and their CHURCH WENT NUTS! In a moderate-sized New England town, WITH a college. So there you go. Still waiting for the last trump, and they've heard solid rumors it's right around the corner. So keep those corpses fresh!